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The world of mathematics
Data in graphics
Humans, from their origins, have always had the need to understand the forces that act on our planet.
These forces can be measured through data collection.
Data helps us to answer questions, questions about ourselves and our environment.
In order for the surveys and data collection to be useful, we must first decide what questions we need to answer.
For 20 years, the University of East Anglia in Great Britain has sent students to the beach to inspect the erosion index on the coast.
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The data set will be used by local authorities to decide which part of the coastal strip should be protected and how much money should be spent on building barriers to prevent the entry of the sea.
When you collect the information, it is likely to be lost in some detail.
The data of the distances and inclinations of the beach are recorded on the computer, but this is not enough to perceive the effects of erosion on the places where people live.
To achieve these objectives, you will need to collect more data.
The tables contain all the information that is considered necessary, but it is not always easy to visualize the results.
To be able to see other characteristics of the study object, it will be of great use to use a diagram or graph.
2.・ Japanese
There are many types of diagram.
Its common feature is that they present selected parts of the information in such a way that they make it easier and faster to understand the data.
This type of graph is known with different names, block graph or column graph, but it is commonly known as bar graph.
Bar sales. In this case, the height of each bar or column shows the number of sales.
This is a vertical bar graph, but exactly the same information could have been presented as a horizontal bar graph.
This graph was presented as part of an ad, but if you wish to give the information in another way, you could put the total number of packages sold on one side of the bar.
For another presentation of sales, you could use the drawing of a package where each one represents 10 million packages sold.
The form of the design of the presentation of the data is important. To present a fraction of the total sales, a circular graph can be used, also called a cake graph.
Each sector of the circle shows the percentage of sales for different packages sold.
For many years, women have earned less than men, although work is done in the same area, for example, in the industry of the construction of cars.
Assuming that you could collect the data, what would you do?
What kind of diagram would you use to show the income of men and women in industries in different countries?
Showing income. How could you show income in different countries?
Annual salary, 1980,000 euros.
Annual salary, 1986, in industries of construction of cars.
These columns show the average income measured in pounds of men in six different countries, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France, Cyprus and Hong Kong.
And this is the graph corresponding to women.
If we put them together, we will have a double bar graph.
In each case, women earned less than men, but as you can see, they were relatively lower in Belgium in the left-hand side of the graph than in Hong Kong in the right-hand side.
In the heart of the land of cultivation in the United States, the largest exporter of food, data is collected on an even greater scale.
Wheat is the main grain used for the consumption of food throughout the world, and for the wheat industry in the United States, the data of annual production is crucial for the planning of food policy.
Normally, in each field, annual harvest is produced, so it is convenient to collect data at the end of each crop season.
Wheat production, 1980, 1989.
We can show this as a vertical bar graph, but it can also be useful to place points in the central part of the top of each column, and when the points are joined, a line graph known as a polygonal graph is obtained.
From a glance, the farmer can see how the results in the wheat fields increased or decreased in a period of 10 years.
Every day, the Department of Agriculture of the United States makes statistics of agricultural production per acre.
None of this would be possible if it were not for the data collected from the smallest farm to the largest wheat-producing corporation.
But when a more simplified representation is made, you have to be careful.
The American football is a business of millions of dollars.
Tickets for these games are sold up to five years in advance, and with the contracts of the stars rising to millions of dollars, some players are literally valued with their weight in gold.
Protecting injured players means protecting their investment for businessmen, since American football is tough, very tough.
All players can suffer injuries. On average, their career lasts only three and a half years.
So it is crucial that the money enters through television, advertising, sponsorship, and what the spectators pay.
The assistance of the National Football League has shown a constant rise since 1960. Isn't that right?
Year. Thousands.
In effect, the assistance of the League has increased.
What is it that makes the graphics look so different? What is the truth?
What is the truth?