It's known as the country of the oldest civilization in the world.
This is due to its history, full of achievements, made by the early man who got his power, his reflection, and his inspiration from the fertile land of Egypt and from its nines.
The ancient Egyptians believed that life existed on the east side of the nines, where the sun rises, and thus they used to live on the east side.
They also believed that the deceased ones lived on the west side, where the sun sets.
But if the sun rises again on the next morning, they also resurrect.
The ancient Egyptians believed that life existed on the east side of the nines, where the sun rises, and thus they used to live on the east side.
The Egyptians began to write their own history more than 5,000 years ago.
Before that, the history were flourishing, and this can be traced in historic settlements set by prehistoric man and historic achievements of others.
The ancient Egyptians believed that life existed on the east side of the nines, where the sun rises, and thus they used to live on the east side.
Egypt lies in the Middle East at the junction of Africa and Asia. To the south stretch the lands of Africa, to the east those of Asia, to the north those of Europe.
Egypt is also bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the east. Its area is about one million square kilometers.
The Egyptians in this period were gatherers and hunters, and evidences of cultivation and sedentary life were based.
The early man used for implementing his daily life activities, such as hunting and defending himself against others or against animals, using those tools and weapons.
Ancient Egyptians were the predecessors in making boats to fulfill all the needs, such as fishing, traveling from one place to the other, and transportation.
So the Nile was not considered only for the irrigation, but it was also a means of communication and transportation.
The River Nile played an important role in the life of the Egyptians. It is life-maker on the land of Egypt.
Since early ages, man defended on the Nile flood to supply his land with fertility. This process is repeated every year, giving life to the land.
The ancient Egyptians celebrated the approaching flood by making it the beginning of the Egyptian year, which means that it is not an astronomical year, but a Nile one.
The Egyptian year was divided into three seasons. Each of these seasons consisted of four months. Each month was divided to three-thirds.
Each third was ten days calculated like this. The year became 360 days only.
By close observation to its uncompatibility with the solar year, they added five days in which they celebrated the birthday of the five gods, Osiris, Isis, Set, Nephtys, and Horus.
The three seasons were entitled, Enundiation, and that's from July to October, Seed, from November to February, Harvest, from March to June.
Nowadays, some of the Egyptian farmers are plowing their fields at the ancient Egyptian land with the same tools, in the same method.
These farmers are plowing their fields near Aswan, and some of these farmers is depicted on the wall of Tomb of Nefer at Saqqara, which dates back to 2,400 years BC.
The man guiding two cows carrying a basket full of seeds.
Brick makers working to build a new house in Upper Egypt.
And scenes of shepherds could be seen nowadays at the village streets, as we see here the two shepherds riding donkeys and guiding the sheep.
Ancient Egyptians built their temples near the banks of the Nile, and this enabled the priests to move from one temple to the other in order to celebrate religious customs and different ceremonies.
The Egyptians were good architects, and they knew how to extract the stone from the quarries, especially the granite quarries near Aswan and near the first cataract.
This granite was used in building obelisks, making coffins, and sacrafogy, and also building outer walls of the temples.
The same method which was used in ancient Egypt to cut the stone is the same method which the Egyptians nowadays are doing.
By the year 3000 before our era, a great step in the history of man was achieved by the success of uniting the whole country under one king and one administration.
This happened when King Narmer descended from Abydos in Upper Egypt and conquered the delta.
A new capital for the united country was then established at Memphis by King Menes, the first king of both Upper and Lower Egypt.
This king in front of us now is in the temple of Abydos, and it brings the names of the famous Egyptian kings from Menes until Ransus II.
It excludes the names of some queens and some of the kings of the 18th dynasty, especially Queen Hatshepsut and kings like Akhenaten, his successors, Tutankhamun, and Ay.
High officials built their own tombs near the pyramids of their kings.
The most famous king of the third dynasty was Netariket or Zoser, the owner of the step pyramid at Saara, whose genius architect Imhotep built a tomb and monument for his beloved king.
Imhotep tried to build the monument of Zoser in stone instead of mud bricks.
The pyramid itself, which is built in six steps, is about 60 meter high, and the burial chamber is 27 meter below the pyramid.
On the pyramid, there are many other buildings, such as the funerary temple and the shrines as well as the so-called South Tomb, which is an imitation of the underground compartments of the king below the pyramid.
The tombs of high officials scattered in Saqqara bring us the themes of daily life in this era, 4,500 years ago.
Here, each high official tried to depict the daily life in his estate or property and show all the different activities, such as hunting, entertaining, cultivating, and other daily life activities.
The tombs of these high officials are called mastabas, and they consist of two elements, the upper part, which are solid stone and has a niche at the side, and the lower part, which is hewn in the rock.
Below in the underground, there should be the burial chambers of the man and the members of his family.
The most famous tombs in Saqqara belonging to the high officials are those of Ti, Bita Hotep, Nero Roka, Nefer, Kahai, and many others.
In a tomb in Saqqara, there should be also a false door through which the spirit or the soul can go inside and outside the tomb.
Upon such false doors, the names and titles of the man as well as the names and titles of his family members are inscribed.
Also, the famous offering formula should be written upon the parts of the false door.
Here in front of us, we see that the owner of the tomb is seated in front of his wife, and both are at the table full of offerings with thousands of everything they like and everything they live upon in their afterlife. Without these, they cannot live again.
Scenes of slaughtering the oxen are also depicted on the walls of these mastawals.
The butchers are cutting the most well-chosen pieces of an ox and bring it to the master as an offer.
Scenes of the offering bearers should be depicted on the walls of the chapels of the Old Kingdom tombs at Saqqara.
Here are the fishermen below and the farmers plowing their fields in the upper register.
Again, female offering bearers bring the offerings to their master.
Scenes of animals to be slaughtered later and to be used in the offering.
Scenes of the offering.
The tomb of High Official in Saqqara has also a niche. Sometimes, they come out of it a statue of the owner of the tomb, as if he's coming out into life.
All these things spell out the wish of the dead person to resurrect and come again to life.
This is the Sphinx, which depicts the sun god Ra Ha-Rect, had been built in the time of King Catherine, the builder of the second pyramid.
This is the Valley Temple of Catherine at Giza, which is built mainly of limestone and covered by grave blocks of granite.
Behind the pillars, statues of King Catherine were erected in recesses in the floor. On these statues and in front of them, ceremonies were held, especially the ceremonies of opening the mouth of the deceased through his cult statue and bring offerings to him.
These are the three Giza pyramids, from the right to the left.
These are the three kings of the fourth dynasty.
This is the pyramid of Kyaps, the biggest one.
It was originally 148 meter high. Now it is 137 meter high.
The pyramid of Catherine, it's 136.5 meter high.
The pyramid of Mycarrinus is about 66 meter high.
This is the statue of Kyaps, the builder of the biggest pyramid. It is very small, now it is in the Egyptian Museum.
This is the statue of Catherine, the builder of the second pyramid.
Mycarrinus is here between the goddess Hathor and the normal representative of Upper Egypt.
High officials and princes like Rehetop, Nefert, the dwarf Snag, and the Urian scribe as well as other administrators and priests helped kings in ruling the country in the Old Kingdom.
It was the time of the foundation of the ancient Egyptian civilization.
Servants also played a great role in the history of the ancient Egyptians.
Here many statues of the servants during their activities.
Putting such statues in the tombs helped the owner of the tomb to receive offerings and service during his afterlife as he was receiving them during his life.
The tomb of Mycarrinus is about 16 meters high.
Inside the pyramid of Kyaps, the underground tomb of Mycarrinus is about 16 meters high.
Inside the pyramid of Kyaps, the underground tomb of the first tomb and the gallery leading to the upper part of the pyramid.
These are the galleries leading to the so-called king's chamber with the sacral part of the pyramid.
The tomb of Mycarrinus is about 16 meters high.
Inside the pyramid of Kyaps, the underground tomb of Mycarrinus is about 16 meters high.
Let us move to Luxor, and this is the temple of Queen Hatshepsut, the famous female ruler of Egypt in the 18th dynasty.
She ruled Egypt for about 20 years, from 1490 to 1470.
Her Jewish architect, Semen Mout, built for her a temple in the shape of terraces, one above the other.
The walls of these terraces were furnished with beautiful scenes showing the activities done in her fields, especially her famous expedition, which was sent to the Punti land or to the Somali land, just before the ninth year of her reign.
She was also sent to exchange Egyptian products against Punti or Somali products, which contained gold, silver, incense, skins, and feathers. Even trees were brought from there.
The tomb of Mycarrinus is about 16 meters high.
The artist did not forget to depict all kinds of fish on the Red Sea in this registration of an expedition going to Punti or Somali land.
The soldiers of Queen Hatshepsut are celebrating her coming to Thebes or to Loxa.
From the birth colonnade in the temple of Hatshepsut, we see her mother being pregnant, conducted to the birth room to give birth to the queen or the future queen of Egypt.
The offerings offered to both Amun and Amun were offered to the queen.
The offerings offered to both Amun and Anubis.
The queen hoped by such offerings to the gods that she would receive in return after her death such offerings from these great gods. Amun-ra, god of the sun, or Anubis, god of mummification.
The god of the sun, or Anubis, god of mummification.
The temple of Loxa, the harem of Amun-ra, was the name of this temple and it was related with the cult of the state god in Karnak.
There is an avenue of Sphinx between both temples and stretched for about 2.5 kilometers. Only a part of this avenue had been excavated and the rest of it still buried under the houses of modern Loxa.
This Sphinx avenue was erected in the time of King Naktembo, about 367 BC. It was used during the ceremonies done on the feast for processions of priests and people when they carried the sacred boats containing the statues of the Thebian gods to Loxa temple and back to the Karnak.
The temple of Loxa was built in the time of King Naktembo.
The obelisks and the colossal statues in front were established in the time of this king too.
The granite obelisks, which stood once in front of the pylon, only the left one exists inside. It is about 25 meter high and the other one, which is about 23 meter high, was presented to France in 1836 and stood since then in La Place de la Concorde in Paris.
Both obelisks were dedicated to the god Amon-Ra on the occasion of his jubilee of 30 years.
Colossal statues of granite had been also erected in the court of Ramses II, standing or seated like this one.
This is the processional colonnade of Amonophis III with the famous scenes of the obit feast on both western and eastern walls.
Alexander the Great built a shrine inside the temple of Loxa
and he is presented with the Egyptian costumes because he wanted to show the Egyptians that he is near them and he respects their gods so that he would be accepted.
The appearance of the royal was transformed into a Roman temple for the cult of the emperor then into a camp between the year 284 till 305 AD.
It is very interesting to know that the temple of Loxa is a witness of the piety of ancient Egyptians. They began in this temple by worshipping the ancient Egyptian deities, but when Egypt was converted into Christianity, the temple or a plain part of it changed into a church.
Now we move to the west side of Loxa and visit the temple of Ramses II called the Ramseum. It was dedicated to Amon Ra by the king.
The temple is unfortunately much ruined as it is built near the inundated areas.
These courts are remains of the huge colossal granite statue of the king which still witness the ability of the stone cutters and the artist of the new kingdom inquiring and sculpturing huge blocks with accurate proportions.
Statues of Ramses II in the shape of God Osiris are entouring the famous court of this temple and remains of black granite statues are scattered here and there.
Here is the god Attun writing the name of Ramses II upon the tree of life. By this act the king gains an eternal life.
This temple is furnished with elaborate pillars and columns.
Let us move to Nubia and visit the temple of Abu Simbel, the rock cut temple which was a new development in the temple's architecture in Nubia.
Above the entrance is the figure of the falcon headed sun god Rae Horactae.
Right and left of the entrance we see the captives from the south and from the north. These are shown below the feet of the statues of the great Ramses II.
The first hall of the temple contains four rows of pillars with figures of Ramses II in the shape of Osiris, lord of eternity.
This temple is considered as one of the greatest achievements of mankind, planned and oriented so that the rising sun would penetrate the temple.
Illuminating the figures of the deities worships here in the early morning for about a week, namely the fourth week before the vernal equinox and the fourth week after the autumnal equinox respectively.
That is about the 22nd of February and the 20th of October.
The left hand wall contains scenes of the kings together with different deities above.
We can see a scene showing the king of chariot storming a Syrian fortress.
Some of the scenes show the king smiting the enemies of Egypt and bringing them under control.
The right hand wall of the temple shows the representation of the Qadish battle that happened between Ramses II and his army against the Hittites in his fifth year of reign, about 1274 BC.
That battle resulted in signing the first peace treaty known in history around the year 1260 BC between the Egyptians and the Hittites.
Here are some of the bodyguards of the kings from the Egyptians and from the Shardana of the Sardinian island. Here, beating two spies, captured to confess and say something about the Hittites army and the soldiers blowing their trumpets.
The scenes of the battle show here clearly that the king Ramses II is fighting alone against the whole army of the Hittites.
But according to his courageousness, he defended himself and escaped being murdered in such a battle because his army was not yet there.
He was only with his bodyguards waiting for the battle in the next morning, but suddenly he was encircled by the enemy.
Here, the boat of the moon Ram is carried to the sanctuary of the temple. Ramses is also sharing and carrying the boat together with his priests, princes and high officials.
At the end of the temple, we find the main sanctuary with the pedestal of the boat containing the image of the gods.
Statues of Betah, Amundra, Ramses and Rahorekti are hewn in the rock. They receive the illumination twice every year.
We can see here some statues of the king Ramses II.
The small temple of Nefertari was dedicated to the goddess Hathor, the holy cow and her god.
On each side of the entrance, there are three colossal statues representing Ramses II and Nefertari.
The name Nefertari means the most beautiful one.
The walls of the temple contain scenes of the king and the queen in presence of Hathor, Amundra, Rahorekti, Siti, Horus, Anakit and Tut.
The goddess Hathor is touching the hands of the queen and blessing her with a necklace.
The king is shown also smiting the enemies of the south and the enemies of the north.
We move now at Abydos, which contains the temple of Siti I, built by this king and his son Ramses II, to be near the tomb of god Osiris, the god of the afterlife.
The walls of this temple are decorated with elaborate scenes in relief. The most beautiful relief ever done in Egypt, showing the relationship of the king together with the deities worshipped in this temple.
Here the king is erecting the Jetspillar, the symbol of the god Osiris.
We observe here offering to Rahorekti, one of the main deities worshipped in this temple.
These reliefs were elaborately painted also and the colors are still fresh after 3200 years.
The tomb of Osiris is decorated with scenes from books of the underworld, as in the tombs of the kings and the valley of the kings.
Here is the boat of the sun, crossing the sky to illuminate to those who are departing. The god of the sun is accompanied by his revenue and his enemies are punished, as we see in the scene, by paying birth in fire or letting them walk upside down.
Osiris and Isis are always represented there.
The tomb of the king of Troy is the natural setting for Egyptian civilization.
The majority of Egyptians seldom strayed far from home. Thus, an ancient writer could evoke the extreme improbability of a delta man who sees himself in a swan or a man of the marshland in Nubia.
In earlier historic times, the north was wilder and more untamed than the rest of Egypt. Only two thirds of the delta seem to have been populated in the Old Kingdom.
Beyond the valley's edge stretched the desert. The barren appearance is deceptive, for since the beginning of human history, they have been intimately involved with the life of the Nile Valley.
Western Desert was Egypt's gate to West Africa, to the five great oases, and thence to Libya and the lands to the south.
The oases themselves, large depressions that owed their moisture to flowing springs, produced raw materials that were highly prized in the Nile Valley.
The world of ancient Egypt depended on the interaction of the river valley with its surrounding deserts.
Kings of the 18th dynasty, like Dr. Moses III,
Menaphis I
and Menaphis II
and Menaphis III, Ahnaten
The second pylon was decorated in the Ptolemyic era.
This hall is the most splendid of all the temples of Egypt.
Its roof was born by 134 papyrus columns.
The two central rows are higher and have open capitals.
The represented clustered columns with closed capitals.
The wall was built and decorated in the time of City I and Ramses II.
This is the obelisk of Thet Moses I.
And obelisks were symbols of the sun god.
And it was thought that the epic in the shape of the pyramid was the seat of the sun god.
The seventh pylon is here.
And in front of it, the casket of statues, which was discovered in 1904 and 1905,
where thousands of statues have been revealed.
This seventh pylon and the eighth pylon were built during the time of Thet Moses III.
The obelisk of Queen Hatshepsut is 29.5 meter high
and weighing about 320 tons.
It was considered the tallest obelisk in Egypt.
And according to the text of dedication,
this obelisk and its sisters were a union rocky granite monolith.
The obelisk of Queen Hatshepsut is 29.5 meter high
and weighing about 300 tons.
And according to the text of dedication,
this obelisk and its sisters were a union rocky granite monolith.
And according to the text of dedication,
this obelisk and its sisters were a union rocky granite monolith.
And according to the text of dedication,
this obelisk and its sisters were a union rocky granite monolith.
And according to the text of dedication,
this obelisk and its sisters were a union rocky granite monolith.
And according to the text of dedication,
this obelisk and its sisters were a union rocky granite monolith.
Kings are shown always meeting enemies in front of Amun-Rah.
Of course, the enemies are asking the kings for mercy.
Part of the other obelisk of Hatshepsut is lying near the sacred lake,
and obelisks were made always in pairs.
Temple of the Karnak still retains its colors,
as we here see in this hall with the same name of City I,
together with his son Grandsir II,
who decorated it with their names and figures.
At the far east, behind the main center of the temple,
Thutmose III built his festival temple called Achmeno,
with its annex usually called the Botanical Garden,
and reliefs of African plants, birds, and animals were decorated on its halls.
The so-called festival temple of Thutmose III was elaborately painted
with different reliefs, showing the dedication of the kings of this temple to Amun-Rah,
and it imitates the tent of war used to be built in the field for the king and his generals.
It was decorated with colorful reliefs.
We observe that the sun ought to enter through windows
at the east and the west of the temple of Thutmose III Achmeno.
The name of the king Thutmose III is written here in this extract,
as King of Upper and Lower Egypt.
Thutmose III, the one who does everything, the lord of the two lands.
Elevator of the papyrus columns, in imitation of bundles of papyrus tied together.
The falcons and vultures are protecting figures in names of the king,
who is here offering to Amun-Rah.
The temple of Thutmose III is located in the south of the city of Amun-Rah.
The temple of Ramses III, called Medina Tabo,
is considered the most well-preserved Egyptian temple
and contains important records of the achievements and wars of Ramses III
in the 12th century before our era.
The king saved Egypt from two invasions by the Libyans
and an attack from the Asian Sea people.
He might have been assassinated by a plot made by his harem
after ruling the country for about 31 years.
On the tower of Pylon, or the gateway of the temple,
Ramses III is smiting enemies of Egypt inside the temple.
There are records of wars and feasts made during his reign.
Ribbons of houses are friezed and store rooms,
and also the ancient small town built around the temple in the Christian era.
Names, titles, and epithets of the king and his deeds are deeply cut in the stones.
These are scenes of the king's wars against the Libyans,
and against the Sea people, and against the Asiatics,
as shown in reliefs on the walls of the temple.
The king is bringing the captives to the god Amun.
Here are scenes of the battle against the Sea people,
recorded on the outer northern walls of the temple.
This is the greatest naval battle, which has happened in the ancient Near East.
It was between Ramses III and the enemies from the Mediterranean Sea.
In the early period of Christianity,
Christian Egyptians escaped to live in the old temple,
and they marked the cross on the walls of these temples.
But today, they consider such reliefs and figures of the gods and kings as signs of paganism.
Ruins of the small town were the houses of the Egyptian priests and the Christian monks,
who built them around the temple in the first years of Christianity in Egypt in the 4th century AD.
The second pylon of the temple were the scene of the war against the northerners,
and elaborate scenes of horus.
The falcon protecting the king,
and the vulture alternatively protect the name of the king,
and present him with Jubilee feast.
Army officers and bodyguards of the king accompany him in his campaigns,
and when returning back from the campaign, leading the captives.
Seethings and orchid trays are elaborately painted with the names and epithets of the king,
as well as the winged sun disc, the vulture, and the sky with its stars.
The second open court has many scenes of festivals,
especially the festival of Nile, the god of fertility,
and the festival of Soki, the god of Saqqara, Necropolis,
or the god of the dead at Memphis,
and this court was converted into a church in the Christian era.
Gateways and doors of the temple were covered with thin sheets of gold.
Scenes of the king in front of the different deities,
offering and presenting them with gifts and presents
all over the walls of the temple from inside.
Here is Ptah and Sekhmet, and the king offering them wine.
The orchid tray with the name of the good god Ramses III,
may he live in the son of Ra, may he live.
Let us go now to the Valley of the Kings,
where the tomb of the kings had been hewn.
The Valley of the Kings was the final resting place on the New Kingdom Kings.
The tombs were dug in a bedrock in a remote valley on the west side of the Nile,
suitable for guarding and hiding.
The tomb of Amenaphis II with a beautiful scene from the afterlife,
which is called Scene of the Underworld from the Book of the Underworld,
and the Sacrificus in its recess.
The walls of the tomb of Amenaphis II are decorated with reliefs,
showing the king in presence of different gods and goddesses.
The tomb of Ptah and Khamun in the Valley of the Kings
contains still one of his three coffins, namely the bigger one,
which contained the other two.
One is of solid gold and the other is of gilded wood,
and decorated with semi-precious stones.
They are in the Egyptian Museum of Cairo now.
This is the third one.
It is made of gilded wood and covered with thin sheets of gold.
Scenes of the King in presence of the different deities of the Underworld.
The mother of the King has been purified and blessed by the goddesses of the Underworld,
like Anophis and her four.
The twelve nightly hours and the gold mask of the King
covered his face in his coffin.
These treasures of Ptah and Khamun are now in the Egyptian Museum.
And also the second wooden coffin
covered with sheets of gold and semi-precious stones and glass paste.
The crown of the King and the alabaster canopic box,
which is divided into four alabaster sections
with human headed stoppers representing the King.
These chariots were six in number, dismantled and put in the tomb
so that the King would use them in his afterlife journey as he used them in his life.
The back of the seat of the King with the Queen.
The King is seated relaxed on the throne and below his feet are the footstool.
Chairs of the King with the fine designs of the god who is giving the King thousands of years.
The box of the King showing some scenes of attacking the enemies.
The deities who were to protect the King in his afterlife journey
like Ptah, Osiris, the Cobra, Neferank, the Falcon Ptah Sokhrat.
These statues are made of gilded wood.
Let us go back now to the Valley of the King.
Here, scenes from the tomb of Hormohib, the last King of the 18th dynasty.
He is in relationship with the different deities of the afterlife, Horus, Isis, Hathor and Osiris.
These are scenes from the underworld, how the god of the sun at the night crosses the sky with his revenue.
Below is a scene of those who were damned, who opposed the sun god in his journey.
The coffin of Hormohib.
Here is Osiris, the god of the afterlife.
Some of the scenes from the tomb of Ransus III are the Valley of the Kings.
Here the King burns incense in front of the god, wearing the crown of war.
And the jugs of the offering in one of the storerooms in the tomb.
The tomb of Ransus VI, which was hewn some 200 years later than the tomb of Tataan Khamun.
This tomb saved the tomb of Tataan Khamun from being robbed and preserved its marvelous equipment to future generations.
The ceiling of the burial chamber has a marvelous scene of the goddess Nutt, the goddess of the sky, of the night and the day.
The sacrophaguses here are destroyed by the robbers in their searching for treasures.
Details of the ceiling scene and the niche at the end of the tomb and the journey of the sun god in his heavenly boat.
And here is the tomb of Nefertar, the queen of the gods.
And here is the tomb of Nefertar, the queen of Ransus II, showing the seven sacred cows, which were supposed to provide the dead queen with food.
Xenophere, the mayor of Thebes, is here praying to Osiris and Anubis, those who are going to judge him in the afterlife.
He is here again at the offering table together with his wife.
This is the tomb of Pashet, who was a servant in the place of truth at Deir el-Medina in the west of Thebes.
This tomb, which fall back to the Ramessai period, have a vaulted roof and it is covered with beautiful views with wonderful colors.
And this is the burial chamber where we see the god Betah Sok in the image of a falcon.
In the tomb of Ramosa, the mayor of the death city in the time of Amenaphis III and Amenaphis IV, are scenes of the offering bearers and the funeral procession with the professional mourners.
Here we see the temple of Dandara.
Dandara, built for the goddess Hathor, the goddess of music and love in ancient times.
The temple was built in the Greco-Roman era.
The temple had been converted to a church in the temple of Hathor at Dandara.
Here is the Apostle Hall with the capitals of the pillars in the shape of the head of the goddess Hathor.
Religious scenes and texts from the ceiling of the temple. The king and the queen carry offerings and bring them to Hathor in her shrine.
The windows leading light into the staircase and the dark galleries of the temple and the goddess Hathor herself is seated here receiving the offerings.
The temple of Horus at Etpho and Horus was the patron deity of this temple together with the Kal-Hathor and another god called Horus, the uniter of the two lands.
It is considered the best preserved temple of the Egyptian style and was erected in the Ptolemic era between 237 and 212 B.C.
This temple was connected to the temple of Hathor at Dandara.
Now, ceremonies and processions took place between both temples, especially on the feast days.
Here is the coronation of the king by the goddesses and the king is being received by the god Horus, the patron deity of this temple.
The walls contain different scenes in time of the Ptolemaic era, reliefs showing the kings or the deities offering and performing some rituals.
Here is the model of the bark of the gantt which was kept in his room.
We move now to the sanctuary which still contains a huge monolith granite shrine dedicated to Horus.
The temple of Horus and Supec at Komombo or the town of the gold which got its name from having been a station of the expeditors for gold mining in the eastern desert.
The temple has a unique double axles plan and was dedicated to cult of these two deities, the falcon-headed Horus and the crocodile-headed Supec. Each of them has his own cult and festivals.
It is to be observed that the reliefs here are much more higher than any other Greco-Roman temple. The temple has a unique location on the shore of the Nile.
God Tut, the god of the scribes and on the other side Horus, both of them are purifying the king.
Here the king behind him, his queen, are coming both together to be received by Horus.
The main hall has very high columns with composite floral designs and they were all decorated with the scenes of the kings offering to two different gods of this temple, Horus and Supec.
The temple, specially its hall, is built in the Abatheli castile in which the two middle rows are much higher than the side rows of the columns.
The outer walls of the temple are decorated with scenes of the representatives of the foreign countries. Each one has his own name below him. And these are the people of the north and the people of the south represented as enemies of the king.
Let us now visit the temple of Theola south of Aswan.
Its Arabic name is Anas al-Wugud. This name comes after the tales in the Arabian Nights. And the temple was dedicated originally for Isis, but Osiris, Hathor, Nephthys and the cataract gods were also venerated here.
In front of us now is the kiosk of Trajan.
The temple has pylons, colonnades and sanctuaries as all the other Egyptian temples.
The court in front of the temple has colonnades whose columns had floral capitals.
As we see here, these floral capitals are varying from one column to the other. Here we see composite capitals. They consist of floral capitals and also the Hathoric capitals.
The pylon has different themes of the king, Nios Deonisus, while presenting to the goddesses Isis and Osiris.
And they engrave their crosses upon the walls.
The main sanctuary again with the pedestal of the statue of the goddess Isis. And here the king is bringing offerings to that goddess as we see from the wall scenes of the sanctuary.
This is the kiosk of Trajan from the inside.
It is an elegant kiosk with composite floral capitals for the columns as we see here.
The kiosk of Trajan from the inside.
We end our tour through the monuments of Egypt.
And as long as the Nile floods, as long as Egypt prospers, we have to give Herodot the right of saying his famous epigram, Egypt is the gift of the Nile.
But we can add Egypt is the gift of the Nile and its people.
Let us visit the most wonderful resort at the shore of the Red Sea at Hergada.
It is famous for its sand beaches and coral reefs, water sports and also diving facilities to watch fish and animal life in winter and in summer as well.
Here we see the fishes with the different kinds dancing in the water.
The Red Sea is famous with its colored fishes.
That is why the tourists come from all parts of the world to see the Red Sea and especially the people who love diving.
Here in Hergada, there are also an ocean graphical institute with an aquarium for the Red Sea fish life.
And a museum of the wonderful and rare species of fish and animals of the Red Sea.
Here are different kinds of shells with beautiful designs.
Please see the Mario