IOTA and IOTAN, we hear these names a lot in the travel industry.
They represent organizations that we have known and trusted for decades, yet there is
often confusion as to what each stands for and how they are interrelated.
So before we go to our travel geography program, let's take a few minutes to review the history
of these organizations and how they benefit you, the travel professional.
Since the very dawn of passenger flight, there has been a trade association called IOTA.
Indeed, there have been two IOTAs.
The first, the International Air Transport Association, met in The Hague on the 25th
of August, 1919.
This first IOTA acknowledged that airlines, despite being competitors, needed to work
together in order to create compatible procedures and solve common problems.
By 1929, IOTA and its committees had already established standards for such matters as
air traffic, communications, legal obligations, internal auditing, and the delivery of mail.
In fact, mail delivery and not passenger traffic was the primary source of income for the
airlines in the 1920s.
IOTA also had to grapple with issues that we now take for granted.
The airlines, for example, had to standardize such important details as which direction
cockpit dials should turn.
And they had to require aircraft builders to ensure that if the pilot pushed the throttle
forward, this would increase and not decrease the plane's speed.
IOTA also took on more down-to-earth chores.
It began to coordinate schedules among airlines, set baggage allowances, establish round-trip
fares, and create special commissions for inclusive tour packages.
In 1929, IOTA, via the Warsaw Convention, took on an especially important duty.
It defined the air transport contract between airline and customer.
To this day, this contract is printed on every air ticket issued.
In the 1920s, IOTA also set commissions for travel agents.
You might be surprised to know that for some years, it also authorized commissions for
hotel porters, who at that time frequently booked air travel for hotel guests.
The war in Europe, of course, interrupted normal air passenger travel.
It virtually eliminated IOTA as well.
But at war's end, a second IOTA was born.
The International Air Transport Association.
Unlike the first IOTA, which was made up primarily of European carriers, this second IOTA was
truly a global organization.
For efficiency's sake, its members divided the world into three administrative regions.
Area 1 includes North, Central, and South America.
Europe, Africa, and the Middle East constitute Area 2.
And Area 3 represents Asia, Australia, and the South Pacific.
This global perspective came just at the right time.
The introduction of jet aircraft in the 50s made transcontinental and transoceanic flights
an easy reality.
And wide-body jets made even longer flights a practical choice for millions more.
Today we take for granted that such things as city codes, ticket formats, luggage tag
bar codes, and even pilot jargon are commonly understood and accepted the world over.
We expect that via a single phone call or computer command, we can book a reservation
on virtually any airline in the world.
IOTA has helped produce an astonishing level of international cooperation.
Without it, efficient global travel would be a flight of fancy.
With it, we all can let our travel ambitions soar.
Now that you've learned a little about IOTA, let's explore how it relates to that other
acronym we hear often, IOTAN.
We go now to Mike Mano, president of IOTAN.
Mike, what is the difference between IOTA and IOTAN?
Danielle, that's a very good question.
Many people do get the two confused.
IOTAN is an acronym for the International Airlines Travel Agent Network.
IOTAN is a wholly owned subsidiary company of IOTA, and it evolved as a result of the
U.S. government's deregulation of the air transport industry back in 1983, 1984.
While IOTA is still very much involved in various aspects of the air transport industry,
IOTAN's role is very much more focused.
Its primary role has been, and continues to be, to accredit and appoint travel agencies
for the world's international carriers.
So you will hear the term IOTAN endorsement, which is used to describe this activity.
But IOTAN has taken on new functions, hasn't it, Mike?
Yes indeed, Danielle.
IOTAN has taken on several new functions over the past couple of years.
The first of these is the Personnel Registration Service, which enables travel agency owners
and managers to register all of their personnel with us.
We then generate a roster, which is used by the supplier community to determine which
of the agency's personnel are eligible for industry concessions and discounts.
The second program is our IOTAN travel agent photo ID card program, which is now carried
by over 200,000 travel agency personnel.
It has received tremendous support from the supplier community, from the travel agency
professional organizations, and travel agents themselves.
Reflecting on our IOTA heritage, our parent company has now taken this program and is
globalizing it and bringing it to the far corners of the rest of the world.
Mike, hasn't IOTAN begun funding a number of educational projects?
Danielle, I'm really pleased that IOTAN has reached the point where its financial and
other resources will enable it to underwrite the cost of developing a number of educational
initiatives for the benefit of the entire industry.
At the present time, we have established several scholarships through the Academy of Travel
and Tourism.
We've made a contribution to an existing ASTA scholarship fund, and we've agreed to underwrite
the update of an existing ICTTA training program.
Most of all, we're very excited about the video that follows.
We're very pleased to be working with Dr. Mark Mancini, and I'm very confident that
everyone that views this training video on brushing up on geography will find his approach
to be fun, creative, and most of all, very effective.
Thank you, Mike.
And that provides a perfect segue to our next order of business.
Dr. Mark Mancini is one of the industry's best known seminar speakers and consultants.
His seminar, Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Geography, provides practical information
that applies directly to our industry.
So now let's go to Los Angeles, where a group of travel professionals from around the world
have gathered to find out everything you ever wanted to know about geography.
All right, how many of you have not had geography since maybe sixth grade?
Raise your hands.
All right, quite a few of you.
How many, if I gave you a map of Africa with all the countries blank, could fill out all
the blanks?
Raise your hands.
I didn't think there were a whole lot of you that could do that.
How many of you wish, now that you're in the travel business, that you knew more about
geography?
Raise your hands.
We know that we need it, we have to think back on it and try to recover all those memories
that we have in geography, but it's not always that easy.
And it doesn't matter what part of this business you're in.
If you're a travel agent or a tour guide, obviously you know geography, you have to
know geography.
However, on the other hand, if you're in the car rental business or the lodging industry,
you need to also know a lot about geography.
And one of the sad things is in the United States today, and perhaps across the world,
the knowledge of geography isn't the way it used to be.
People just don't know their geography.
Let me give you some statistics that are pretty astonishing.
National Geographic, along with USA Today a few years back, did a study to try to figure
out what people knew about geography, and they presented them at five different locations
across America with maps, blank maps of the world.
Now here's what happened, 50% could not find either France or Great Britain on the map.
In fact, 20% could not find Mexico on the map.
25% could not find the Pacific Ocean.
Now the Pacific Ocean, if I take this globe and turn it a certain way, I mean it looks
like it's covering almost the entire earth from one direction, and yet the fact of the
matter is, and if I took a dart and threw it over my back at some map behind me, I think
I'd have a better than one out of four chances of hitting the Pacific Ocean, and yet 25%
could not find the Pacific.
But here is what really is a bit frightening, 10% could not identify the United States.
So it, you know, all these things point to the fact that we've probably got people out
there who believe that you can take a cruise to Las Vegas.
You've got people who think they can drive a rental car from Honolulu to Hanna, which
would be a little difficult to do unless your car floated, and I'm sure that a lot of people
think that the English Channel is a cable TV choice.
So the fact of the matter is that we've got, and you know, the other thing that reinforces
it to me all the time is that I have students in travel classes, and these students take
tests and what I do is I suggest to them, please put some kind of answer you might get
it right, and yes, sometimes they guess and they do get it right, however, sometimes they
get it wrong, very wrong, and they come up with some rather creative answers that I'd
like to share with you right now.
For example, on a test that I gave on France, the question was, what is the TGV?
So the TGV stands for Très Grande Vitesse, very high speed train, on this test one student
wrote TGV stands for Totally Gross Village.
Another student had to identify an FIT to Mexico, now FIT is sort of a strange term
in our business anyway, but they identified FIT stood for Fiesta of Indigestion Tour.
Another student had to identify on the same test Chichen Itza, and the student wrote down
Chichen Itza, Spanish for It's a Chicken.
And then finally, some of you know that in Israel you have these taxis, they're called
sheroots, very large taxis, and they share taxis.
And on a test on the Middle East, the students were asked to identify a sheroot, and a student
wrote sheroot, sound of a tourist sliding off a camel.
Now I don't know what that means, it's a pretty creative answer, but it certainly shows that
that student might have been creative but had no idea what the answer was.
Now bottom line is this, we're here to get rid of some of that geographic misknowledge
that we have, and what we're going to try to do is replace that with knowledge that
can help us.
We're not trying to train you for jeopardy, we're not trying to get you prepared to answer
questions of trivia.
What we're going to try to do are the three objectives we have here, and that is first,
we want to renew your geographic knowledge.
It's like learning how to ride a bike again, you know, you learn when you're a kid, you
get back on, you think you're going to be falling off, and in fact it comes back to
you right like that.
That's what we're going to do with your geographic knowledge.
The second thing we're going to do is we're going to try to tie that to your job experience.
We're going to try to make the point that knowledge of geography can have a value to
what you do on a regular daily basis.
And finally, if you have that knowledge, you can turn that knowledge into profitability
in this industry.
And so we're going to follow these three objectives throughout the seminar, we're going to ask
you to pay as much attention as you can, and we're going to guarantee to you that you're
going to learn a lot.
However, since I'm a teacher, since I teach, I love giving tests.
So now's the time that we're going to give you a little pre-test to determine how much
you know at this point.
And for those of you watching at home or in the office, same thing.
What we'd ask you to do is at this point go out and get a piece of paper and a pen, stop
the tape, start it up again, and you'll see the quiz on screen and we'll see how you do.
The shortest flying distance from San Francisco to Cairo would be via Rome, Paris, Madrid,
Helsinki, or Calcutta.
Write the letter of your answer.
Number two, your client leaves Honolulu at 11 p.m. Tuesday.
On which day will she arrive in Tokyo?
Number three, your client, an anthropologist, says she would like to visit an island in
Melanesia.
You would suggest Fiji, Tahiti, Aruba, Madagascar, or Corfu.
Number four, in which country is the ski resort of Ukaimadan?
Five, your client loves tropical islands but hates rain.
On his next vacation, he wants to visit Fiji.
On which side of the island should he be lodged?
The north side, south, east, west, or none?
The center is driest.
Number six, how many oceans are there?
Number seven, your clients are going to Australia.
They want to do some swimming.
It's January.
Where would they find the warmest ocean water?
Perth, Hobart, Adelaide, Sydney, or Fremantle?
Number eight, hurricanes are least likely to disrupt your clients' travel plans in
which area?
The Bahamas, Portugal, Mexico, Indonesia, or Malaysia?
Number nine, which country does not have fjords for your clients to see?
Austria, Argentina, Chile, New Zealand, or Norway?
And finally, number 10, on which body of water is the island of Corfu?
All right, now that you've finished your little tests, let's find out how well you did.
We're going to give you the answers.
If you get it right, put a little C, just like you did in school way back when.
If you get it wrong, put a little X.
All right, here we go.
Here are the answers.
Number one, shortest flying distance from San Francisco to Cairo?
Answer is D, Helsinki.
Number two, client leaves Honolulu at 11 p.m. Tuesday, on which day will she arrive in Tokyo?
Answer Thursday.
Number three, your client wants to visit an island in Melanesia.
Which one is it?
Fiji.
Number four, in which country is the ski resort of Ukaimadan?
Morocco.
Five, your client wants to have a dry vacation on a tropical island.
Which side of the island should she be lodged or he be lodged?
West.
Number six, how many oceans are there?
Four.
Number seven, while your client's going to Australia, they want to do some swimming.
It's January.
Where would they find the warmest ocean water?
The answer is D, Sydney.
The water wouldn't be all that warm, but it would be a lot warmer than let's say Perth
or Hobart or Fremantle or even Adelaide.
Number eight, hurricanes are least likely to disrupt your client's travel plans in
which area?
The answer is Portugal, B.
Number nine, which country doesn't have fjords for your clients to see?
The answer is A, Austria.
And finally, number 10, on which body of water is the island of Corfu?
The Ionian Sea.
All right, it's time to find out how you at home did and also those of you in the audience.
You've totaled up your scores now.
How many of you got 10 on 10?
Oh, nobody, all right.
How many of you got nine on 10?
How many of you got eight on 10?
Still nobody.
Don't feel bad.
How many of you got seven on 10?
Oh, okay, we've got two people.
Let me let you feel a lot better now.
The average score in this test is usually two, okay?
So you can stay calm now, and in fact, normally 40% of all those who take the test get zero.
But this gives us a goal to work against now.
What we're going to do is if you pay a lot of attention from now until the end of the
seminar, you're going to find that your scores are going to dramatically increase because
at the end of the seminar, we're going to give you a similar, not identical, but a similar
test to work from.
What I'd like to do is sort of start somewhere, and I think the best place to start is with
maps, because maps are probably the most important thing that we in the travel business have
to deal with.
For example, you know, I don't think you'd have very much trust in a physician who couldn't
read an anatomy chart, and I don't think that you'd trust a contractor who couldn't read
blueprints.
Well, we in the business have to understand maps and their importance, and I think that
in our society, we've sort of forgotten that a little bit.
There's a man by the name of Kenneth Davis who wrote a book called Don't Know Much About
Geography.
It's a wonderful book.
When he came up with his book, he wrote something very interesting, I think in the first chapter.
He said, geography died in America when they stopped giving out free maps at the gas stations.
And that's sort of an interesting insight.
I think that that has a lot of validity.
By the way, he says something else.
He gives a great little story.
He says, how can you be absolutely sure that Moses was a man?
Answer, wandered around the desert for 40 years and never asked for directions.
So let's turn to maps.
First of all, one of the problems is it's very hard to have an absolutely accurate map.
There's only one kind of map that's really accurate.
What is it?
Globe.
Globe, exactly.
A globe like this is fairly accurate representation of the world, but this is about the only kind
of representation that's accurate, and we certainly can't walk around with globes.
So what mapmakers have tried to do is turn that globe into a rectangle.
You just can't do it.
I mean, it would be the equivalent if you took an orange and you tried to peel it and
turn it into a rectangle.
I assure you, in fact, our prop person tried to do it before this showed, so we'd have
some kind of little prop to show you.
And you can't do it.
I mean, it just comes out in pieces.
Some geographers have tried to come up with something that sort of reminds me of an orange
peel, and it's this map that you see right here.
But I don't know about you.
I looked at that map, and it sort of confuses me.
It bothers me.
That's not the way I want to see the world all broken up into pieces.
Well, there's another map that most of us do walk around with in our minds, and it's
called a Mercator map.
And I've got to tell you, the Mercator is almost as bad, if not worse, a projection
of the world.
If you take a look at this, you can see Greenland, indicated here in red, looks about four times
bigger than Mexico.
The fact of the matter is, that's not true at all.
In reality, if you were to look on that globe, you would see that Greenland and Mexico are
about the same size.
In fact, here, Greenland looks like it's bigger than the 48 continental states, exclusive
of Alaska and Hawaii.
But it's not at all.
It's much, much smaller.
So maps can be very deceptive.
And one other way in which they're very deceptive has to do with routings.
You know, when you open up that magazine in the back of the pocket in the plane, you look
at that route map, and everything's curved, all these routes are curved?
Well, there's a reason for that.
It's not just artistic.
It's because on a map, the shortest distance between two points is not a straight line.
It's a curved line curving toward the pole.
All right, I want to prove to you what we said, that these kinds of curved routes are
shorter.
And what I'm going to do is, it's audience participation time.
We're going to go into the audience, and I'm going to find a victim, ah, volunteer, and
see if we can find somebody.
Willie, you want to help me out on this?
Certainly.
Your full name?
Willie Atkinson.
Willie?
Come on down.
Come on down.
I sound like I'm on some sort of game show here.
All right.
Willie, why don't you stand right over there.
I'm going to stand over here.
We have, I'll put this right over here, we have a string here.
What I want you to do is, you take it and put your finger right over there on Los Angeles.
Okay?
I'm going to bring it around the way it would be on a map, along the latitude line.
And I'm going to bring it right over here to Cairo.
Okay, so we got that length.
We're holding it up.
When we figure it out, it's this far, right?
Okay, now we're going to put it over the top, and we're going to bring it down to Cairo.
Okay, how much have we saved?
Three inches.
About three inches, which probably translates to about 500 miles.
That wasn't hard, was it?
No, it wasn't.
You can go back now.
I showed it to you.
All right, thank you.
You can see this even better than on the globe if you take a look at this map.
This is a map of the world from above, and if you look at this, you can see exactly what
we're talking about.
If you were to fly from Los Angeles to Cairo, as you can see, you're going straight over
the North Pole, or almost over it, Helsinki, Stockholm, and on to Cairo.
You could also fly, let's say, from San Diego to Korea or to Tokyo by going over Vancouver
and Alaska.
Another possibility, and this is one that came very close to home to me, I had to go
from Los Angeles to Bermuda to give a seminar, and when I did, the first thing that was in
my head is, okay, I'm going to fly from Los Angeles to Atlanta to Bermuda.
That's probably the shortest way to go.
I also knew that I'd have to stop over one night to be able to do that, because there's
no nonstop or even direct flights, at least at this moment, from Los Angeles to Bermuda.
So I went ahead and was ready to book the flight, and I said, wait a minute.
I'm going to be in Atlanta, I don't know, anybody in Atlanta, but wait, this principle
of going by a curved route might work, and so what I came up with is I actually booked
myself from Los Angeles to Toronto to Bermuda.
Why?
Well, first I had friends in Toronto that I spent a very pleasant evening with, but
there was a second reason.
It was the shortest route.
It was about 20 minutes shorter in order to go via Toronto, and so if you're going along
this route, just always think curved lines, and why?
Well, there's a number of reasons why curved lines and curved itineraries are important.
Of course, they're important to pilots, but more importantly to us, for example, if you're
a travel agent, it gives you so many more combination than the most obvious ones if
you're going to be laying someone over or stopping them on the trip.
If it's a non-stop flight, of course, it's not a factor of the pilot worries about it,
but if you're setting up a connecting flight, think curved routing because it gives you
so many different options.
In fact, I know a business travel agent who does a lot of commercial accounts, and he
came up with a great little phrase.
Whenever he made proposals to businesses, he said, I can show you how we use curved
line routing to minimize time and maximize your choices, and I think that's a great
way to attract the attention of a client, a corporate client, and it shows just one
way you can apply this curved line routing to what you're doing.
Now, when we're talking about the world, of course, we should think about the hemispheres,
and we should talk about the fact that the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere
have totally different opposite weather patterns.
When you're talking about January in the winter in the Northern Hemisphere, it's cold, it's
in the summer in the Southern Hemisphere, it's warm, and you know, it's hard for us
to think of this, because especially most of us come from Northern Hemisphere locations,
and we think winter, January.
It's hard to imagine January as summer, and yet, in a good part of the world, that's
true.
And of course, the reverse is true.
If you're talking about July, you're talking about Northern Hemisphere summer, Southern
Hemisphere winter.
How can this have value to us?
Well, suppose you know somebody who is a skier, and they want to go on a trip in July.
They are probably not going to think of skiing, and suddenly you suggest someplace like Bariloche,
which is in Argentina.
Well, they're going to be interested.
This is going to give them an opportunity to take a very interesting trip to a very
foreign land and ski in July or August.
So I think that gives us a lot of options to think about.
And of course, when we're talking about the globe, we have to talk about something like
latitude.
Latitude, it's easy to remember the difference between latitude and longitude.
Latitude is as in the word flat, lat, so latitude are the lines that go from left to right.
Alright, so we know what latitude is now, but more importantly for us, how does it affect
a traveler?
Anyone in the audience?
Yeah.
Well, it determines what the temperature is.
Exactly.
It has a lot to do with the temperature.
If you're near the equator, it's going to be hotter all year long, and the temperature
variations are minimal, whereas when you go to a higher or lower latitude, you're in a
situation where you have more variations in temperature and a lot more cold weather.
Okay, any other way that latitude affects a traveler?
Yeah.
It determines the amount of daylight.
Good, daylight.
If you're up in Alaska and it's the summer, you're going to have very long daylight, but
if it's the winter, you're going to have a very lot of darkness all day long, and of
course the reverse for the southern hemisphere, so you're sure it affects lighting.
For people who are into cameras, for example, if you're a camera buff, you really have to
know that you're going to be able to take pictures or not.
Let's take a look now at how longitude also has an effect on travel, because it has a
very big one.
Of course, longitudes are the lines that go up and down, and when we're talking about
longitude, probably the thing we're most thinking about is the international timelines, the
map that we all know, we've all seen it in various publications, the one that shows
the 24 timelines of the world, and when dealing with time zones, one of the things you have
to always think about is jet lag, especially if you're in the airline business.
With jet lag, some people are more disturbed by it when they go from west to east, and
others from east to west.
Let's find out, just out of curiosity in the audience, how many of you have more jet lag
when you go from west to east?
Raise your hands.
How many of you get more east to west?
Fewer.
Yes?
Both ways.
It doesn't matter what direction you go in, you've got jet lag.
The point is that the average person experiences jet lag more frequently when you go west to
east than east to west, so you might want to keep that in mind.
I think a lot of us think that this has always existed, that time zones have been something
that's been around forever.
They haven't been.
In fact, before 1884, there was no such thing as time zones.
Every single city had its own time.
Now you can imagine what a nightmare that was to travelers around the 1880s.
Why?
Prior to that, the quickest way to get anywhere was on a horse.
There's no such thing as horse lag.
But around 1884, the governments of the world started developing railroads, and the trains
were pretty fast, even in the 1880s.
So most of the countries got together in Washington, D.C., and divided up the world into these
24 time zones.
By the way, one country did not show up.
In fact, I actually have a copy of the original declaration that was issued in Washington,
D.C. in 1884.
And it's interesting, because when you look through this thing, you realize that it was
one country missing, one major country, and that was China.
And if you look at the time zone map, you see that China has only one time zone.
I mean, basically what they said, China didn't show up, the heck with them, just get one
time zone.
Anyway, the fact of the matter is that when you're dealing with time zones, you're dealing
with a very, very complicated matter.
It's very easy to make mistakes with it.
So you have to understand two principles.
One of them is the concept of the prime meridian.
If you look at the map, you can see the prime meridian goes right now, right through Greenwich,
England.
And I think some of you have perhaps even seen the place where the prime meridian goes
through.
The prime meridian is where time is measured from.
But more importantly, on the opposite side of the world to the prime meridian is the
international dateline.
And this is one of the most complicated things that exists.
We're going to try to explain it, real simple.
You've probably heard it explained as when you cross the international dateline, you
go to the next day or the day before, or you lose a day or you gain a day.
Never use the terms lose a day or gain a day because it gets very complicated.
If you cross this line in this direction, going west, soon as you cross the line, it
becomes Monday.
Now, did you gain a day or lose a day?
You gained Monday, you lost Sunday.
So the verbiage can be a little confusing to the typical traveler.
Keep in mind the following.
Just say this.
When you cross going west, it becomes the next day.
If you cross going east, it becomes the day before.
When you think about that also, you have to realize that it was set up, the international
dateline was set up in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.
For more complicated reasons that we can go into right now, you had to put the prime meridian
exactly opposite the international dateline.
If they had put it, there was some discussion of putting it in the United States.
And if they had put it in the United States, there would have been a real problem.
In fact, there was some discussion of putting it through either Washington DC or even Denver.
If they had put it through Denver, there would have been a big problem.
And in fact, it would have gone through India.
We have someone in the audience.
And let's go to that person.
Let's talk to them about what this problem could cause.
Bharat, can you help me out on this?
Okay.
All right.
Let's imagine, first of all, give us your full name.
Bharat Bhakta.
And from, and I love the inflection you're giving to that.
Where are you originally from?
Bombay.
All right.
Oh yeah.
You're really afraid of the cameras, aren't you?
All right.
But let me ask you a question.
Let's imagine international dateline goes through Bombay, okay?
It goes right through the middle of your office.
All right.
It's Saturday.
It's three o'clock.
You don't feel like working.
You're on the left side of the office.
What are you going to do?
Right side of the office.
That's right.
You go across.
What's going to happen?
But how about, is it going to be Sunday?
It's going to be?
Sunday.
That's absolutely correct.
Some of you are thinking right now, you know, you took that pre-test and it was that weird
question where if you were going to, from Tokyo to Hawaii, Hawaii to Tokyo, some weird
things would occur.
In other words, in the question we said, if it's Tuesday and 11 p.m. Hawaii time and you
get to Japan, what day do you arrive?
The answer was Thursday.
Now what the heck happened there?
Simple.
You left Tuesday at 11 o'clock in Hawaii.
Before you got to the line, you crossed midnight.
It became Wednesday.
Then you crossed the line.
It becomes Thursday.
So it is possible if you leave, let's say, Hawaii very late in the day to actually get
to your destination two days later.
Now coming back, what happens?
Well, a lot of you on the West Coast have flown back from Asia to the West Coast.
You come back on the same day.
But not necessarily.
In fact, what's happened is if you leave in the afternoon, you leave on Monday, you cross
midnight, it becomes Tuesday, then you cross the line again and it becomes Monday.
If you left early, you'd come back the day before.
Now if you're totally confused at this point, I want to help some of you.
How many of the audience, how many of you here were brought up Catholic?
Raise your hands.
Okay.
It's a mystery.
Some of you remember, the good nuns would tell us, if you didn't understand, it's a
mystery.
Well, sort of consider this a mystery.
We won't have to worry about it quite as much.
Okay.
Let's go to the continents.
We know there are seven continents and here they are.
We have Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, North America, South America, and Antarctica.
I think we all know that.
Something we might not know is which ones have the most tourism.
In order, they are.
Europe is first, North America second.
Most people are surprised by that.
Asia third, South America fourth, Africa fifth, Australia sixth, and Antarctica at number
seven.
But also picking up a lot of cruise ships now are explorerships going down to Antarctica
with tourists.
Another thing we can talk about, a little bit smaller than a continent, a lot smaller,
are islands.
There are islands, as you can tell, all over the world, but let's look at the main concentration
of islands and where they are located.
Let's start first with East Africa.
Off East Africa, there are three very important tourist destinations, especially for Europeans.
Madagascar, the Seychelles, and Mauritius.
Off of West Africa, you have some other destinations that are quite often visited by cruise ships
from the Mediterranean.
They are the Azores, which are Portuguese, the Canary Islands, which are Spanish, and
the Cape Verde Islands, which are also Portuguese.
The Caribbean is probably the number one destination in the world in terms of island groupings.
Let's remember the Bahamas are not part of the Caribbean.
They are in the Atlantic, and I think some travelers think that Bermuda is in the Caribbean,
and of course, that's not true at all.
It is also in the Atlantic.
Caribbean, in fact, by the way, to give you an idea of how important it is in terms of
cruises, 53% of all people cruising at this very moment are in the Caribbean.
That's how important it is to tourism.
Then we have our three major areas in the Pacific of islands.
First, we have Polynesia, anchored at the top by Hawaii, anchored on the bottom on the
right, on the east side by Easter Island, and anchored on the left by New Zealand.
Remember, the northern portion of New Zealand is the Maori's, and they are Polynesian.
Also within that group are two major island destinations, Tahiti and Samoa.
Melanesia is the other group right here off of Australia, made up of a number of islands
more commonly visited by Asians and by Australians and New Zealanders, but still a great destination
to stop over on the way from North America.
Here we're talking about islands such as Fiji or the Solomons or Vanuatu.
Finally, we have Micronesia.
The Micronesian islands are more visited by Japanese tourists and Korean tourists, Chinese
tourists than North Americans.
Very popular islands such as Truk, and yeah, Truk, by the way, very legendary among divers.
Everybody wants to see Truk because there is so much wreckage at the bottom of the sea
there that they can explore.
By the way, some people ask me where did they get the names Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia.
Polynesia comes from the fact that there are many islands in the Polynesian group.
Poly means many as in, I don't know, polygamy or something like that.
Melanesia comes from the fact that the natives who live in Melanesia are very, very dark
skinned, and melanin is the dark pigmentation in all our skins.
And Micronesia is called Micronesia because everybody's very short.
No, I'm just kidding.
The fact is that Micronesia is called Micronesia because many of the islands are very, very
small.
Okay, let's move away from islands now.
Let's talk a little bit about peninsulas and capes.
Many people wonder what the difference is between a peninsula and a cape.
And you know, most geographers have this problem too.
Generally, a peninsula is larger than a cape, and very often a cape is curved, such as Cape
Cod, to form a little bay on the inside.
But other than that, they're both pieces of land that extend out into the water, and they
can be of great size or small size.
And what we're going to do now is we're going to issue our first little geo quiz challenge.
What we're going to ask you to do is come up with 10 capes and or peninsulas that are
important travel destinations.
Those of you at home, stop your tape at this point, get out a piece of paper and a pen,
try to come up with 10 names for us, and then when you put the tape back on, we'll have
the answers that our audience came up with.
I'm going to go right over here.
Can we go to your little study team?
Hi.
Hi.
Okay, your name is?
Gwen Havis.
Gwen Havis, where are you from?
Los Angeles, California.
Los Angeles.
All right, tell us what your little team came up with in terms of your 10 capes.
We came up with Baja.
Baja, Mexico.
Very good.
Cape of Good Hope.
Cape of Good Hope, which is located bottom of Africa, correct?
Okay.
Cape Cod.
Cape Cod, correct.
Massachusetts.
Cape Horn.
Cape Horn, good.
South America.
Yucatan.
Yucatan.
Also Mexico.
Go ahead.
Cape May.
Cape May, yeah, with the Victorian homes in New Jersey.
Okay.
Korea.
Korean Peninsula, good.
Florida.
Florida, good.
Italy.
Italy, right.
The boot of Italy, good.
The Malay Peninsula.
The Malay Peninsula.
Yeah, those are 10.
Let's give them a hand.
They got their 10.
Now, I'm sure that a lot of other capes and peninsulas came up.
Raise your hands for anybody that came up with any others.
Yes, let's go over here.
Go ahead.
Which one did you come up with?
The Monterey Peninsula.
Monterey Peninsula, absolutely.
And?
Cape Girardeau.
Cape Girardeau, where?
In Missouri.
In Missouri.
Cape Girardeau.
Now everybody in Missouri will have no confidence in me.
All right, let's go.
Some others, yes.
Yes, down here.
Go ahead.
Alaska.
Alaska, of course.
Alaska is a peninsula.
Any others?
Yes, over there.
Cape Fear.
Cape Fear.
Cape Fear, yes.
Movie peninsulas don't count.
All right.
Let's go down here, yes.
Scandinavian.
The Scandinavian Peninsula, where you're from, correct?
Right, where are we?
Good, all right.
Another one over there.
The Iberian Peninsula.
The Iberian Peninsula, good.
With Spain and Portugal, any others?
Go ahead.
Well, the most famous one of all, Dracula's Cape.
Dracula's Cape.
I think the audience is a little out of control, so let's go back up here.
When you're talking about peninsulas and capes, you're talking about important land features.
Well, another very important land feature is a mountain or mountain ranges.
They're very, very critical to our business for a number of reasons.
Skiing is the obvious, but also hiking and scenery.
Most people don't realize that most people go to the... There are more people who go
to the Alps in the summer than the winter because of the scenery.
It affects travel.
You either have to drive around them or you have to drive over them or you have to drive
in a tunnel through them.
One way that they really affect travel is weather.
If we take a look at this rendition of a mountainous island, let's assume somewhere in the tropics,
we've got the wind coming from right to left, in other words, from east to west.
We have more rain here on the windward side of the island, more cloudiness, but eventually
most of the rain and the clouds drop on that side of the island.
When you get to the other side, the leeward side, it tends to be drier and sunnier.
We're going to set up a rule, on a tropical island, the west side is usually drier.
You're going to find out the second part of this equation a little later, but think about
it.
If you've been to Hawaii, almost all of the major resorts are on the west side of the
islands.
If you've been to Fiji, same thing.
If you've been to St. Martin in the Caribbean, same thing.
These all have most of the resorts on the drier side of the island.
Since we're talking about mountains, let's look at the major mountain ranges and we can
start by looking at the Rockies that go down North America.
Remember, by the way, that like a river, a mountain range has many tributaries and they
might all have different names.
For example, when the Rockies continue down into Mexico, they are called the Sierra Madres
Mountains.
We get down to South America, we have the Andes in North Africa, we have the Atlas Mountains.
In East Africa is an area called the Rift, not really called the Rift Mountains, but
there are many mountains and volcanoes located in the Rift area.
We have the Pyrenees, which are located between France and Spain.
The Alps, of course, which cover the central portion of Europe and, in fact, what I'd like
to do is I'd like to issue a challenge to anyone in the audience who could come up with
the major countries in Europe that are covered by the Alps.
Yes, let's go down here and, okay.
Your name is?
Lois Maurer.
Lois, where are you from?
Los Angeles.
Los Angeles.
What are the countries covered by the Alps?
Switzerland.
Correct.
Germany.
Yes.
Austria.
Right.
Italy.
Right.
And France.
And France.
Those are the major ones.
Give her a hand.
Now, those aren't the only major mountains in the world.
If we keep looking here, you can also see you have the Ural Mountains, which separate
European Russia from Asia Russia.
We have the Himalayas, which cover nations such as Nepal and Bhutan and northern India
and parts of China and Tibet and so forth.
These are among the largest mountains in the world.
In fact, 17 of the 20 tallest peaks in the world are in the Himalayas.
Then, if we continue down in Australia, we have the Great Dividing Range, which is on
the east coast of Australia, and we have the southern Alps located on the south island
of New Zealand.
When you're talking about mountains also, you're talking about one kind of mountain
that maybe is one of the most dramatic that any tourist can possibly experience, and that's
a volcano.
Volcanoes are located all across the world, especially in the rim around the Pacific Ocean.
There are four kinds of volcanoes.
The first kind of volcano, we see in this shot of Honolulu and Waikiki Beach, is an
extinct volcano.
Fortunately Diamond Head will never erupt again.
The second kind of volcano we have is a dormant volcano.
Here we're looking into the cone of Mount St. Helens.
Now a dormant volcano comes from the French word d'Armille, which means to sleep.
The mountain is sleeping.
It could erupt again, but for now it's just sort of maybe giving off fumes.
The third kind we have is an active volcano.
This is on the big island of Hawaii, and the fourth kind of volcano we have is the Hotel
Volcano, the Mirage Hotel, located in Las Vegas.
Anyway, those are our four kinds of volcanoes.
We've talked a lot about mountains now.
What we're going to do is issue another GeoQuiz challenge.
We're going to ask you to come up with the ten mountains that each of these places is
located in.
What mountain range would you find?
Purgatory, Banff, the Matterhorn, Bariloche, Ukaimiden, Copper Canyon, Kathmandu, the Old
Man of the Mountain, Andorra, and Machu Picchu.
If you're at home, stop your tape, see if you can figure it out.
Put your tape on freeze frame and try to answer what mountain ranges are each of these ten.
Let's go right up here.
All right, your name?
Jim Yee.
All right, Jim, and you're from?
Harbor City.
All right, tell us a little bit on what you came up with in terms of your answers, your
little group over here.
Purgatory, where is it located?
The Rockies.
The Rockies, that's correct.
Banff?
Rockies.
Correct.
Canadian Rockies, the Matterhorn?
The Alps.
The Alps, good.
In Switzerland, I'd also accept for the Matterhorn, Anaheim.
Bariloche?
The Andes.
Andes, correct.
Argentina.
All right.
Now, this is tough one to pronounce.
Ukaimiden.
Ukaimiden.
Atlas.
In Morocco, it's a ski resort.
Copper Canyon.
Sierra Madres.
That's right.
The Rockies.
Kathmandu?
Himalayas.
Himalayas, correct.
That's Nepal.
Old Man of the Mountain.
If you're not from the East Coast, you might not know this one.
White Mountains.
That's right.
The White Mountains of New Hampshire.
All right.
Andorra?
Pyrenees.
Pyrenees.
And let's see if he gets the last one right.
Machu Picchu?
The Andes.
Andes in Peru.
That's absolutely correct.
Give them a hand.
They did a good job.
Well done.
Well done.
Well done.
Well done.
Well done.
Well we've been talking a lot about land.
What we're going to do now is talk about water and let's start with the largest bodies of
water.
The oceans and that was one of our questions.
How many oceans are there?
A lot of people think there are five.
There are actually only four.
We have the Arctic, the Pacific, the Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean.
And that's it.
Now when you really look at it, in fact, the ocean is just one huge body of water.
But this is the way most geographers agree the world is divided.
When we are dealing, however, with the ocean, one of the things that affects travelers all
across the globe, you may have had somebody come to you, let's say in New York, and say,
oh, I'm going to California.
I'm going to January.
I looked at the newspaper.
It's like 85 degrees.
I'm bringing my bathing suit.
And that person goes to California, goes in the water of Los Angeles, and what happens?
They freeze.
The water is cold.
Why is that?
Well, we're going to explain it to you.
It has all to do with something called the Coriolis Effect.
Basically, some of you have heard that whole story that if you pull a plug out of a basin
in the southern hemisphere, the water goes down counterclockwise.
And then if you do it in the northern hemisphere, it goes clockwise.
That doesn't always work, believe me.
But it does work when you're dealing with a body of water the size of the ocean.
In the northern hemisphere, the water rotates clockwise.
In the North Pacific, it comes down from Alaska and comes down along the coast of California
and doesn't really heat up until it gets to Mexico and then crosses over to Hawaii.
In the North Atlantic, the same thing.
You've got water circulating out of the Caribbean up the East Coast, but the water is warm.
Comes up the coast, heads all the way up to England and Scandinavia.
It comes back down rather coolly along Portugal.
This explains one of the great mysteries that everybody always asks.
Why is it that the water in Los Angeles is cool, but at about the same latitude?
Let's say San Diego.
Let's compare San Diego and Jacksonville.
They're almost the same latitude, but in the winter, Jacksonville will have water temperatures
in the 70s, Los Angeles in the low 60s.
In the summer, Los Angeles gets up, or San Diego to the high 60s, Jacksonville could
be as warm as 80.
Now you know why.
It's that Gulf Stream circulating up clockwise.
If we take a look at the Southern Hemisphere, we look at the Indian Ocean.
You see it's turning counterclockwise.
It's brushing against Australia's West Coast, coming up along Indian, warming up along the
East Coast of Africa, where the Seychelles, Madagascar, and Mauritius are located.
In the South Atlantic, you get the same thing.
You've got cold water coming along the coast of Namibia.
Getting warmer as it gets to West Africa, staying warm down to the Amazon, and then
cooling off as it gets down near Antarctica.
When we're talking about the South Pacific, same thing's happening.
You've got water coming up cold along Chile.
Starts warming up, but not too much.
You get to the Galapagos, the water's still pretty cold, even though the Galapagos are
right on the equator.
Starts heating up and comes down warm on Australia's Gold Coast.
It sounds a little bit confusing.
What I'm going to try to do is make this simple.
After all, let's say some of you who are travel agents, if a client comes in and walks in
and they say, well, I'm going to Namibia, what's the water like?
You can't sort of go, I mean, you can't sit there and try to figure it out.
In your minds, we're going to give you a real easy rule to remember.
You may have noticed in that map that the blue lines tended to be on the West Coast
of continents and the red lines on the East Coast.
Here's the rule.
Ocean water on the East side of a continent tends to be warmer than on the West side.
It's especially true in the summer.
Another important reference to water has to do with rivers.
With tourism, that's extremely important, especially now with the advent of more and
more cruise ships plying various waterways, both in North America, Europe, and many other
places.
Let's take a look at our major rivers on the map.
We've got the Mississippi, and don't forget, the Mississippi branches off into all sorts
of other tributaries.
We've got the St. Lawrence, which is located in the Northeast of the United States, Canada
in the United States.
In South America, we have the Amazon.
When we go to Africa, we've got the Congo River, which is not really used for tourism
a whole lot.
We have the Nile River, the longest river in the world and one of the most dramatic
trips you can possibly take.
I took mine for the first time two, three years ago, it was just amazing.
Up here in Europe, we have the Rhine River, one of the great traditional cruise rivers
of the world.
We have the Danube River, which will be an extraordinary river to go down once it's completely
open at the moment.
It goes through all the problems in Yugoslavia, but when that's solved... Right now, you
can take a Danube cruise.
It just goes about half the length of the Danube River.
Then we have the Yellow and the Yangtze Rivers, located in China.
We have the Darling and Murray Rivers, located in Australia.
Number of rivers that we can deal with when we're talking about rivers, we've been talking
a lot about other bodies of water.
I suppose we can talk about bays and gulfs, which are also openings to the sea and probably
one of the most unusual one of all, a fjord.
If you take a look at this photo, it's a great shot of a fjord located in Norway.
The word fjord comes from Norwegian, but there are fjords all over the world.
There are fjords in Alaska, in Canada, in Chile, Argentina, New Zealand.
Remember one thing though.
For something to be a fjord, it has to be an inlet from the sea, from the ocean, and
second, it has to be lined with mountains.
Otherwise, it's just a normal inlet.
Remember it has to come from the sea.
In other words, you can have fjords anywhere there are mountainous coasts, but you cannot
have a fjord on a lake.
For example, if you had a lake in Switzerland or Austria that was surrounded by mountains,
it's certainly picturesque and it's certainly impressive.
It's not a fjord because it's not open to the ocean.
We've talked a lot about bodies of water here.
I think it's time for another of our geo quizzes.
So tell us, on which bodies of water are the following?
Tahiti?
The Bahamas?
The Canaries?
Madagascar?
Aruba?
The Seychelles?
Bahrain?
Corfu?
Budapest?
And Minneapolis?
All right, let's find out how our studio audience did on this geo quiz on bodies of water.
We already have our volunteers.
Your name is?
Rita Marcelli.
Okay, Rita, from Italy?
Italian background, but I was born in Brazil.
Brazil, okay.
And you've got our answers for us?
Yes, and my partner and I, we are going to share the answers.
Okay, partner.
Your name is?
Wendy Windebank.
Okay, from?
England.
Okay, let's go.
Go ahead.
So number one, Tahiti, South Pacific.
Correct.
The Bahamas is in the Atlantic Ocean.
Good, that's important because of course, very often people think it's in the Caribbean,
it's in fact in the Atlantic Ocean.
Go ahead.
Canaries on the Atlantic.
The Atlantic, right, the west coast of Africa.
Madagascar, we got Indian Ocean.
Correct, on the east coast of Africa.
Aruba, on Caribbean.
Caribbean, one of the ABC islands.
And the Seychelles, Indian Ocean.
Indian Ocean again, right off the east coast of Africa.
Bahrain on Indian Ocean.
Indian Ocean, no, and that's one of the harder ones we have.
Bahrain on the Persian Gulf.
That's okay, you can't be perfect, we don't, we are not expecting perfection for the cameras.
Go ahead.
Kofu, Ionian Sea.
The Ionian Sea, good, a lot of people think it's in the Aegean, it's one of the important
ones on the Ionian Sea.
Budapest, the Danube River.
Danube, is that in Portuguese, Danube, yeah, okay.
And Minneapolis is on the grand old Mississippi River.
That's absolutely correct, nine out of ten, let's give them a hand, that's a great performance.
We've talked about how water flows, let's take a look now how air flows, because that
has an impact on travel as well.
This illustrates it very, very well.
We all know that there are, you know, currents of air are pretty hard to predict if you've
ever been a sailor, you know that, you never know where the wind is going to come from.
But there are prevailing winds on the globe, and these determine a lot of things.
Look over here, you can see that in temperate zones, for example, where many, the great
majority of major cities are located, the winds tend to go from west to east.
If you watch a weatherman at night, which way are those storms moving, which way are
the arrows going, they're going from west to east.
However, in the tropics it's quite different.
The prevailing winds, which are called the trade winds, go from east to west.
By the way, the core of the temperate zone winds is called the jet stream, or sometimes
called the westerlies.
So we have major air currents that can be somewhat predicted.
Now how does this possibly affect things?
Well you've seen one already, and that's our little island.
You saw the island, you saw that it was a tropical island.
Where did the wind come from?
It was coming from the east and flowing toward the west.
And that's why the west side of the island was drier.
We look at a map here of North and South America, we see that it also affects much larger bodies
of land.
We have wind coming in here from the west toward the east in the temperate zone, bringing
rain from the moisture off of the Pacific Ocean and striking the Rocky Mountains, causing
a lot of rain to fall in the Pacific Northwest and in Alaska.
What most people don't realize is you just go over the mountains and it's dry.
Seattle, Washington, as we all know, tends to be a rainy place, but Walla Walla, Washington,
which is just on the other side of the mountains, is quite dry.
Same thing occurs in southern South America.
Wind comes in, hits southerly Chile, and brings rain to that area, however, if we're talking
about the tropics and the prevailing winds in the tropics, just the opposite occurs.
The wind comes in from the east, goes to the west, what does it do?
Brings rain to Brazil, for example, causes a lot of rain in the Amazon Delta, however,
on the other side, Peru, Chile, Ecuador tend to be much drier.
In fact, the driest spot in the world is in Chile, it's called the Atacama Desert.
I've seen a number of statistics on it, but the one I always see is it hasn't rained there
in 300 years.
So you can see how the wind controls the rain patterns.
There are other kinds of winds that we need to talk about, for example, hurricanes.
Hurricanes are any winds that are consistently greater than 74 miles per hour.
And by the way, there are a number of words that are used, cyclones, typhoons, they all
are the same, hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons, they refer to the same pattern of wind.
Where do they occur?
They tend to occur, be born along the equator.
If you look along the equator here, you see the lines showing where they go.
They come out of the Caribbean and go sometimes into the Gulf, sometimes up the eastern seaboard.
In the Pacific, they start off of Mexico and South America, head out to sea, usually do
not come back in, but sometimes reach all the way to Hawaii.
We look at the Indian Ocean, we see that they come down off the equator and head toward
Madagascar and the Seychelles and Africa, and there are a number of them that can occur
anywhere in the South Pacific, and they might strike Australia, Indonesia, Hong Kong, even
Japan.
All these areas have numerous hurricanes, but you'll notice something else.
In the world, there are very, very many places where there are no hurricanes.
Europe virtually never gets a hurricane, once in a while a hurricane will come up the eastern
seaboard and head across the Atlantic and reach Great Britain, but it's very, very rare.
If you're talking about Europe, you're talking about a good part of North America, a good
part of Africa, and inland, let's say Russia, there are no hurricanes.
You might have a big windstorm that might reach hurricane proportions, but it is not
a true hurricane.
All right, one last thing we have to talk about before we do our little post-test here,
and that's dealing with Fahrenheit and Centigrade.
Some of you have a fit with this.
Real simple.
Look at the stream.
Degrees Fahrenheit times nine divided by five plus 32 equals Centigrade.
You get all that?
Fine.
Let's not worry about it.
Actually, it's not easy to do these kinds of things in your brain.
So let's take a look at a sort of simple way of looking at Centigrade or Celsius versus
Fahrenheit.
We're going to take a look at this thermometer.
When it's zero Centigrade or Celsius, it's 32 freezing, 15 degrees Centigrade, 59 degrees
Fahrenheit, 22, it's 72 Fahrenheit, and 30 degrees, it's 86.
Real simple.
If you have trouble with Centigrade, with Celsius, which are interchangeable terms,
remember zero is freezing, 15 is chilly, 22 is perfect, 30 is hot.
And if you live somewhere where they use Celsius or Centigrade, let's say our Canadian viewers,
86 is hot, 72 is nice, 59 is chilly, and 32 is freezing.
All right.
I think it's time to take a post-test.
We're going to put a post-test up on the screen so that all of you can see some questions
and hopefully do a lot better than you did in the first test you took at the beginning
of the video.
Take a look at the screen.
We're going to give you those questions, those of you at home.
It'll be time to get out the paper and pencil again and to freeze frame and answer the questions
that you see on screen.
Let's do it.
Number one, the shortest flying distance from Los Angeles to Seoul, Korea, would be via
A, Vancouver, B, San Francisco, C, Honolulu, D, Chicago, or E, Hong Kong.
Your client flies out of Tokyo at 1230 a.m. Saturday.
She will arrive in Honolulu on which day?
Number three, your clients have always wanted to visit a Polynesian paradise.
Strictly speaking, which of the following actually fits the bill?
A, Fiji, B, the Canaries, C, the Seychelles, D, Truk, or E, Tahiti.
Number four, your client wants to ski in Bariloche.
In which mountains would that be?
Five, which side of the Hawaiian Islands is most likely to offer drier weather to your
clients?
Number six, how many continents are there?
Number seven, your clients are visiting Africa.
They want to do some swimming.
Of the following countries, which one would offer rather cold ocean waters in July?
A, Kenya on the east coast of Africa, B, Algeria on the north coast, C, South Africa on the
southeastern coast, or D, Namibia on the southwestern coast.
Number eight, hurricanes are least likely to disrupt your client's travel plans in
which area?
A, the Caribbean, B, Southeast Asia, C, Italy, D, the Seychelles, or E, the Philippines.
Number nine, which country is not famous for its fjords?
A, Chile, B, Norway, C, Argentina, D, New Zealand, or E, Switzerland.
And finally, in which body of water is Madagascar?
All right now, you've taken your test, what we're going to do is give you once again
the answers.
If you get it right, do the same thing you did last time.
Put a little C. If you get it wrong, put an X. Here are the answers.
The shortest flying distance from Los Angeles to South Korea would be via A, Vancouver.
Number two, a client who flies out of Tokyo at 1230 a.m. Saturday, she'll arrive in Honolulu
on Friday.
That's a tricky one.
Number three, clients always want to go to Polynesia, which of the islands is Polynesian?
The answer is E, Tahiti.
Number four, clients want to ski in Bariloche, which mountains are they in?
The Andes.
Five, which side of the Hawaiian Islands is usually drier?
The answer is West.
Number six, how many continents are there?
Seven.
Now number seven, clients want to visit Africa, but they want to swim and they don't want
to have chilly waters, which of these places would have the chilliest?
The answer is Namibia on the southwest coast.
Eight, where are hurricanes least likely to disrupt your clients' travel plans?
The answer is C, Italy, because it's in Europe.
Number nine, which country is not famous for its fjords?
The answer is East Switzerland, because it's inland.
And finally, number 10, in which body of water is Madagascar?
The answer is the Indian Ocean.
All right, it's time to find out how you did on this post-test compared to the pre-test.
Let's find out how you did.
How many of you at least doubled your score in the post-test?
Raise your hands.
All right, yes.
Okay, how many of you tripled your score?
Raise your hand.
Good number.
All right, how many of you got eight on ten?
Eight on ten.
All right.
How many of you got nine on ten?
All right.
How many of you got ten on ten?
All right, yes.
All right.
You did great.
Well done.
Well done.
Fantastic.
You know, this sort of proves that geography can be something that's vital, that's alive,
not something boring.
Some people think, I think, of geography as some sort of dusty mystery.
It's not a mystery.
It's not dusty.
It's alive.
It's part of our lives, whether we are traveling or we are helping people to travel.
And so I wish you all good luck in applying what you've learned today to your everyday
experience, to your careers in the travel business.
Thank you very much.
For reasons of brevity, the information provided in this program has been summarized and simplified.
For more detailed information, we suggest the following.
Exploring Your World from the National Geographic Society, phone 1-800-638-4077.
Don't Know Much About Geography by Kenneth C. Davis, available in bookstores.
Traveling Destinations, Geography for the Travel Professional by Mark Mancini, phone 1-800-347-7707.
Geography for the Travel Professional by Kenneth C. Davis, available in bookstores.